Overview
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide and is a major public health concern in India. Although it primarily affects women, men can also develop breast cancer, though it is rare. Advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment have significantly improved survival rates, especially when the disease is detected early.
Breast Cancer Burden in India
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Indian women. India reports approximately 1.8–2 lakh new breast cancer cases annually and nearly 90,000 deaths every year. Breast cancer accounts for over 25% of all female cancers. Late diagnosis remains a major challenge.
Breast Cancer in Karnataka
Karnataka reports one of the highest breast cancer incidences in South India. Urban areas such as Bengaluru show a rising trend, while rural regions often present with advanced-stage disease due to lack of awareness and screening.
Key Statistics at a Glance
India:
- New breast cancer cases per year: ~1.8–2 lakh
- Breast cancer deaths per year: ~90,000
Karnataka:
- Leading cancer among women
- High proportion of late-stage diagnosis
What Is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast tissue grow uncontrollably and form a tumour. These cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through lymphatic channels or the bloodstream.
Types of Breast Cancer
1. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
A non-invasive, early-stage cancer confined to the milk ducts and highly curable when treated early.
2. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
The most common type of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts and spreads to surrounding tissue.
3. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)
Arises from milk-producing glands and may be harder to detect on imaging.
4. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. It is more aggressive and common in younger women.
5. HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Characterized by overexpression of HER2 protein and responds well to targeted therapy.
6. Inflammatory Breast Cancer
A rare and aggressive cancer causing redness, swelling, and skin thickening.
7. Male Breast Cancer
A rare condition often diagnosed at a later stage.
Causes and Risk Factors
Risk factors include increasing age, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2), early menstruation, late menopause, late pregnancy, limited breastfeeding, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and hormone replacement therapy.
Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer
- Painless lump in the breast or underarm
- Change in breast size or shape
- Skin dimpling or puckering
- Nipple retraction or discharge
- Redness or thickening of breast skin
- Persistent breast pain
Screening and Early Detection
Early detection significantly improves outcomes. Screening methods include breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, mammography, ultrasound, and MRI for high-risk patients.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Diagnosis includes clinical examination, imaging (mammography, ultrasound, MRI), core needle biopsy, hormone receptor testing, HER2 testing, and staging scans when required.
Treatment Options for Breast Cancer
Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. A multidisciplinary cancer team plans individualized treatment.
Prevention and Lifestyle Measures
Maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, limit alcohol intake, breastfeed if possible, undergo regular screening, and seek genetic counselling if at high risk.
When Should You Consult a Doctor?
Consult a doctor if you notice any new breast lump, changes in breast appearance, nipple discharge, persistent breast pain, or skin changes.
Conclusion
Breast cancer is highly curable when detected early. Awareness, screening, and timely medical intervention play a vital role in improving survival and quality of life. Early detection saves lives.
