Oral Cancer: All You Need To Know

Posted on January 5, 2026 - 11:24 am by admin

According to Statistic of India has one of the highest oral cancer burdens in the world. It contributes a large share of global cases thanks largely to tobacco (smoked and smokeless) and areca nut use. According to one recent national source, there are approximately 77,000 new oral cancer cases in India annually, with men affected more than women.

Oral cancer constitutes a major proportion of all cancers in India — around 11–12% of all male cancers and significant among females too.

A government report noted oral cancer incidence in Karnataka is around 12 per 100,000 people, higher than the national average for oral and related cancers.

Hospital registry data (from the Kidwai Memorial Institute) historically showed that in Karnataka, about 24% of all cancer cases are related to tobacco, and oral cancer is a prominent component.

Karnataka’s broader cancer data (not limited to oral cancer) suggests 26,516 cancer deaths overall in recent estimates, a portion of which are due to oral cancers — especially those linked to tobacco use.

Statistic

	India (Approx.)	Karnataka (Approx.)
Oral cancer new cases per year	~77,000	Not separately reported statewide, but incidence ~12/100,000
Oral cancer deaths per year	~52,000	Part of ~26,516 total cancer deaths (oral cancer is a significant contributor)
Major cause	Tobacco (smoked & smokeless)	Tobacco (especially smokeless)

Deaths (Mortality)

There are about 52,000 deaths annually in India due to oral cancer.

Oral cancer accounts for a large share of tobacco-related cancer deaths nationwide since it is often detected late.

Mouth Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, is a serious health condition that affects thousands of people every year. It can develop in any part of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, floor of the mouth, and roof of the mouth. Early detection and timely treatment can significantly improve survival rates and quality of life.

What is Mouth Cancer

Mouth cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the tissues of the oral cavity. It is one of the most common cancers in India, especially among people who use tobacco or consume alcohol regularly.

Types of Mouth Cancer

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Starts from the flat cells lining the mouth

Affects tongue, cheeks, gums, floor of mouth, lips

Strongly linked to tobacco, gutkha, pan, smoking, alcohol

2. Verrucous Carcinoma

A slow-growing variant of squamous cell carcinoma

Looks like a warty or cauliflower-like growth

Rarely spreads to lymph nodes

Common in chronic tobacco chewers

3. Adenocarcinoma

Arises from minor salivary glands

Usually seen in palate or inner cheeks

Less common than SCC

4. Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Cancer of salivary gland tissue

Can occur inside the mouth or jaw

Seen in both adults and children

5. Lymphoma

Cancer of the immune system

May appear as a soft swelling in tonsils or floor of mouth

6. Melanoma (Oral Melanoma)

Rare but very aggressive

Appears as black or brown patch

Often on palate or gums

7. Sarcoma

Develops from muscle, bone, or connective tissue

Includes osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma

Rare in the oral cavity

Causes and Risk Factors of Mouth Cancer

Several factors increase the risk of developing mouth cancer, including:

Tobacco use (smoking cigarettes, bidis, chewing tobacco, gutkha, pan masala)

Excessive alcohol consumption

Betel nut (areca nut) chewing

Poor oral hygiene

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Prolonged sun exposure (risk for lip cancer)

Family history of cancer

Avoiding tobacco and alcohol can significantly reduce the risk of mouth cancer.

Common Symptoms of Mouth Cancer

Early symptoms of mouth cancer are often ignored, which leads to late diagnosis. Common signs include:

A non-healing mouth ulcer

Red or white patches inside the mouth

Persistent mouth pain or soreness

Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking

Lump or thickening in the cheek

Loose teeth without dental cause

Numbness in the mouth or tongue

Unexplained bleeding in the mouth

If these symptoms last for more than two weeks, it is important to consult a doctor immediately.

Diagnosis of Mouth Cancer

Mouth cancer is diagnosed through a combination of:

Physical examination of the mouth

Biopsy of suspicious lesions

Imaging tests such as CT scan, MRI, or PET scan

FAQs :

1. What is cancer?

Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and can spread to other parts of the body if not treated early.

2. What are the common types of cancer?

Common cancers include: Oral (mouth) cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer Cervical cancer Colorectal cancer Prostate cancer Blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma)

3. What are the main treatment options for cancer?

Cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer. Common treatments include: Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Immunotherapy Targeted therapy Hormone therapy

4. How is the best treatment decided?

Doctors decide treatment based on: Type of cancer Stage of cancer Patient’s age and overall health Test reports and scans A multidisciplinary cancer team usually plans the treatment.

5. Is cancer curable?

Yes, many cancers are curable if detected early. Even advanced cancers can often be controlled and quality of life improved with proper treatment.

6. Does chemotherapy always cause hair loss?

Not always. Hair loss depends on: Type of chemotherapy drug Dose and duration Some patients may have mild hair thinning, while others may not lose hair at all.

7. Is radiation therapy painful?

Radiation treatment itself is painless. However, some patients may experience side effects like skin irritation or fatigue during the course.

8. What are common side effects of cancer treatment?

Side effects vary by treatment and patient but may include: Fatigue Nausea or vomiting Loss of appetite Hair loss Low immunity Doctors provide medicines and support to manage these effects.

9. How long does cancer treatment last?

Treatment duration varies: Surgery: few days to weeks Chemotherapy: several weeks or months Radiation: usually 3–6 weeks Your doctor will explain the exact schedule.

10. Can patients continue normal activities during treatment?

Many patients can continue daily activities with rest and adjustments. Heavy work may need to be avoided during treatment.

11. Is cancer treatment expensive?

Cost depends on: Type of cancer Treatment method Duration of therapy Government schemes, insurance, and hospital financial assistance may help.

12. What lifestyle changes are needed during treatment?

Healthy balanced diet Avoid tobacco and alcohol Adequate rest Regular follow-up visits Emotional and family support

13. Is follow-up required after cancer treatment?

Yes. Regular follow-up is important to: Monitor recovery Detect recurrence early Manage long-term side effects

14. Can cancer be prevented?

Some cancers can be prevented by: Avoiding tobacco Limiting alcohol Healthy diet and exercise Regular screening tests Vaccinations (HPV, Hepatitis B)

15. When should I consult a doctor?

Consult a doctor if you notice: Non-healing ulcers Unusual lumps Persistent pain Unexplained weight loss Difficulty swallowing or breathing

16. Can cancer treatment affect my fertility?

Yes, Cancer treatment can affect fertility Especially chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Discuss fertility preservation options with doctors before starting cancer treatment.

17. Does surgery have a role in cancer treatment?

Surgery removes cancerous tumours and relieves symptoms caused by tumours. It can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments.

18. What role does chemotherapy play in cancer treatment?

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is also used to shrink tumours before surgery Kill any remaining cancer cells after surgery.

19. What is the role of radiation therapy in cancer treatment?

Radiation therapy makes use of radiation to destroy cancerous cells. It may be used as a stand-alone treatment or in other cancer treatments.

20. What is targeted therapy?

Targeted therapy uses drugs to target proteins or genes contributing to the growth and spread of cancer cells.

21. What is immunotherapy?

Immunotherapy helps the body’s immune system fight cancer. It can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments.

22. What is hormone therapy?

Hormone therapy blocks and lowers the levels of hormones contributing to the growth of certain cancers

23. Can cancer treatment affect my mental health?

Yes, cancer treatment can affect your mental health and lead to symptoms such as anxiety and depression. It’s crucial to seek support from mental health professionals if you experience these symptoms.

Breast Cancer: All You Need to Know

Posted on January 5, 2026 - 5:10 am by admin

Overview

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide and is a major public health concern in India. Although it primarily affects women, men can also develop breast cancer, though it is rare. Advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment have significantly improved survival rates, especially when the disease is detected early.

Breast Cancer Burden in India

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Indian women. India reports approximately 1.8–2 lakh new breast cancer cases annually and nearly 90,000 deaths every year. Breast cancer accounts for over 25% of all female cancers. Late diagnosis remains a major challenge.

Breast Cancer in Karnataka

Karnataka reports one of the highest breast cancer incidences in South India. Urban areas such as Bengaluru show a rising trend, while rural regions often present with advanced-stage disease due to lack of awareness and screening.

Key Statistics at a Glance

India:

New breast cancer cases per year: ~1.8–2 lakh
Breast cancer deaths per year: ~90,000

Karnataka:

Leading cancer among women
High proportion of late-stage diagnosis

What Is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast tissue grow uncontrollably and form a tumour. These cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through lymphatic channels or the bloodstream.

Types of Breast Cancer

1. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)

A non-invasive, early-stage cancer confined to the milk ducts and highly curable when treated early.

2. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)

The most common type of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts and spreads to surrounding tissue.

3. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)

Arises from milk-producing glands and may be harder to detect on imaging.

4. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. It is more aggressive and common in younger women.

5. HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Characterized by overexpression of HER2 protein and responds well to targeted therapy.

6. Inflammatory Breast Cancer

A rare and aggressive cancer causing redness, swelling, and skin thickening.

7. Male Breast Cancer

A rare condition often diagnosed at a later stage.

Causes and Risk Factors

Risk factors include increasing age, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2), early menstruation, late menopause, late pregnancy, limited breastfeeding, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and hormone replacement therapy.

Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Painless lump in the breast or underarm
Change in breast size or shape
Skin dimpling or puckering
Nipple retraction or discharge
Redness or thickening of breast skin
Persistent breast pain

Screening and Early Detection

Early detection significantly improves outcomes. Screening methods include breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, mammography, ultrasound, and MRI for high-risk patients.

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Diagnosis includes clinical examination, imaging (mammography, ultrasound, MRI), core needle biopsy, hormone receptor testing, HER2 testing, and staging scans when required.

Treatment Options for Breast Cancer

Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. A multidisciplinary cancer team plans individualized treatment.

Prevention and Lifestyle Measures

Maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, limit alcohol intake, breastfeed if possible, undergo regular screening, and seek genetic counselling if at high risk.

When Should You Consult a Doctor?

Consult a doctor if you notice any new breast lump, changes in breast appearance, nipple discharge, persistent breast pain, or skin changes.

Conclusion

Breast cancer is highly curable when detected early. Awareness, screening, and timely medical intervention play a vital role in improving survival and quality of life. Early detection saves lives.

Blood Cancer: All You Need to Know

Posted on December 26, 2025 - 12:12 pm by admin

Overview

Blood cancer, also known as hematological malignancy, is a group of cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. Unlike solid tumors, blood cancers interfere with the production and function of blood cells, leading to serious complications affecting immunity, oxygen transport, and clotting.

Blood cancer can occur at any age, including in children, adults, and the elderly. Advances in diagnostics, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation have significantly improved outcomes in many types of blood cancer. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are key to improving survival and quality of life.

Burden of Blood Cancer in India

Blood cancers constitute a significant proportion of all cancers in India. It is estimated that India reports approximately 70,000–80,000 new blood cancer cases every year. Leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma are the most common types.

Blood cancers are among the leading cancers in children and young adults. In adults, incidence increases with age. Late diagnosis, lack of awareness, and limited access to specialized hematology-oncology services contribute to higher mortality in many regions.

Blood Cancer in Karnataka

Karnataka reports a considerable number of blood cancer cases annually. Hospital-based cancer registries indicate blood cancers as a major contributor to cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Both pediatric and adult populations are affected. Urban centers have better access to diagnostic and treatment facilities, while rural areas often face delays in diagnosis and referral.

Key Statistics at a Glance

India:

New blood cancer cases per year: ~70,000–80,000
Major types: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma
Common in children and older adults

Karnataka:

Significant burden of hematological malignancies
Late-stage diagnosis common in rural areas

What Is Blood Cancer?

Blood cancer occurs when abnormal blood cells grow uncontrollably and disrupt the normal production and function of healthy blood cells. Most blood cancers originate in the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced.

Blood cancers affect:

White blood cells (immunity)
Red blood cells (oxygen transport)
Platelets (blood clotting)

The abnormal cells crowd out normal cells, leading to infections, anemia, and bleeding tendencies.

Types of Blood Cancer

1. Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells. It can be acute or chronic.

Major types include:

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

2. Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. It commonly presents with enlarged lymph nodes.

Main types include:

Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

3. Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. It affects the bone marrow and can cause bone pain, fractures, anemia, and kidney problems.

Causes and Risk Factors of Blood Cancer

The exact cause of blood cancer is often unknown. However, several factors increase the risk, including genetic predisposition, exposure to radiation, exposure to certain chemicals (such as benzene), previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy, viral infections (such as Epstein-Barr virus), weakened immune system, smoking, and increasing age.

Most blood cancers are not inherited, though certain genetic conditions may increase risk.

Common Symptoms of Blood Cancer

Symptoms of blood cancer are often nonspecific and may develop gradually. Common symptoms include persistent fever, recurrent infections, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, easy bruising or bleeding, frequent nosebleeds, bone or joint pain, enlarged lymph nodes, liver or spleen, and night sweats.

Persistent or unexplained symptoms should prompt medical evaluation.

Diagnosis of Blood Cancer

Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical assessment and specialized tests. These include complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, cytogenetic and molecular testing, imaging studies such as CT scan or PET-CT, and organ function tests.

Accurate diagnosis and classification are essential for selecting appropriate treatment.

Staging and Risk Stratification

Unlike many solid tumors, blood cancers are not always staged in the traditional way. Risk stratification depends on disease type, genetic abnormalities, response to treatment, and patient factors. This helps guide treatment intensity and prognosis.

Treatment Options for Blood Cancer

Treatment depends on the type of blood cancer, disease stage or risk category, genetic profile, and patient’s overall health. Management is planned by a multidisciplinary hematology-oncology team.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is the backbone of treatment for many blood cancers and may be given in cycles.

Targeted Therapy:

Targeted drugs act on specific molecular abnormalities, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Immunotherapy:

Immunotherapy includes monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected cases.

Stem Cell Transplantation:

Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be curative in selected patients and involves replacing diseased marrow with healthy stem cells.

Radiation Therapy:

Radiation is used in selected lymphomas or for symptom relief.

Supportive Care:

Supportive care includes blood transfusions, antibiotics, growth factors, and management of treatment-related side effects.

Follow-Up and Survivorship Care

Regular follow-up is essential to monitor treatment response, detect relapse early, manage long-term complications, and support physical and emotional recovery. Survivorship care focuses on quality of life, fertility issues, and psychosocial well-being.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is blood cancer curable?

Many blood cancers are curable, especially when diagnosed early. Others can be controlled for long periods with modern treatment.

Does blood cancer affect children?

Yes. Leukemia is the most common cancer in children, and cure rates are high with appropriate treatment.

Is blood cancer hereditary?

Most blood cancers are not inherited, though family history may slightly increase risk.

Is stem cell transplant always required?

No. Transplant is needed only in selected cases based on disease type and risk.

When Should You Consult a Doctor?

Consult a doctor if you experience persistent fever, unexplained fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, or unexplained weight loss.

Conclusion

Blood cancer encompasses a wide range of diseases with varying behavior and outcomes. Advances in medical science have transformed blood cancer from a fatal illness to a potentially curable or controllable condition in many patients. Early diagnosis, access to specialized care, and adherence to treatment and follow-up are crucial for improving survival and quality of life. Early detection saves lives.